Quotation/Citation Style
(A crib sheet to help you format your quotations and citations correctly)

I. All quoted material should be marked as a quotation as follows:
For shorter quotations, the material should appear within quotation marks, “like this.”
  • Example: “Bureaucracies are not such rigid structures as is popularly assumed” (Blau, 1956, 56).
For quotations of six lines or longer, the quoted material should be separated from other text, indented, and single-spaced.
Example:
Bureaucracies are not such rigid structures as is popularly assumed. Their organization does not remain fixed according to the formal blueprint, but always evolves into new forms. Conditions change, problems arise, and, in the course of coping with them, the members of the organization establish new procedures and often transform their social relationships, thereby modifying the structure. The organized patterns of activities and interactions that have not – perhaps, not yet – been officially institutionalized reveal bureaucracy in the process of change (Blau, 1956, 56).

II.  In general see this website http://www.citationmachine.net/apa  to format your citations for both in line and bibliography. Other suggestions are found on the here.

III.  APA style guides tell you how to cite websites, other electronic sources and almost anything(American Psychological Association, 2010). Use in line for the citation. The APA style guide shows that the in line citation for websites is just like the in line citation for journal articles or books, that is (Author, date). If the author is unknown, substitute the corporate author or, if the corporate author is unknown, substitute the label, such as the title for the website. The URL information is put the bibliography. Websites usually do not have page numbers, but sometimes they do have subordinate html links that begin with a “#” sign, which may help specify where to look on a long web page. The bibliography format is: Author. [Publication or last update date], Title or label. Retrieved from URL on retrieval date.

For more help, use http://www.citationmachine.net/apa or https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/ . When websites are mentioned in text, as with the citation machine on the previous line, the purpose is other grammatical purposes than citation; however the website should still appear in the bibliography.
  • Example (citation): “The population of the U.S. on April 1, 2000 was 281,421,906” (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009).
  • Example (bibliography): U.S. Census Bureau. (2009, October 7). Your gateway to census 2000. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html on Jan. 29, 2010.

IV.  Exclusion of words is shown with an ellipsis (three dots), “…”; at the end of a sentence, ellipsis is followed with a period (for a total of four dots) or other appropriate termination.
  • Example: “Bureaucracies are not … rigid structures …. Their organization does not remain fixed according to the formal blueprint, but always evolves into new forms” (Blau, 1956, 56).

V.  Inclusion or substitution of words is [bracketed].
  • Example (inclusion): “Bureaucracies are not such rigid structures as is popularly assumed [by critics]” (Blau, 1956, 56).
  • Example (substitution): “Bureaucracies are [more flexible than] popularly assumed” (Blau, 1956, 56).

VI.  When changing any grammatical element of a word, such as capitalizing a word or changing a verb tense, [bracket] the whole word.[3]
  •  Example: “[Problems] arise, and, in the course of coping with them, the members of the organization establish new procedures…” (Blau, 1956, 56). [The word “problems” is capitalized in the example, but it is mid-sentence in the original.]

VII.  Adding emphasis (italics, underlining, or bold) is remarked on in [brackets] at the end of the quote. If emphasis is in the original, it is generally retained. Sometimes retained emphasis is also remarked on in the form of [emphasis in the original].

  • Example: “Bureaucracies are not such rigid structures as is popularly assumed [emphasis added]” (Blau, 1956, 56).
  • Example: “In the one case the service is an institution; in the other it is merely a system of employment [emphasis in the original]” (Mosher, 1968, 139).

VIII.  Quotes within quotes are marked with ‘single quotation marks.’ This practice distinguishes your quotation marks from those supplied by the original author. Also, any second double quotation mark signals the end of a quote, not the beginning of a nested quote. Failure to follow this practice will lead plagiarism software to identify your quote as if it were plagiarized
  • Example: “Weber dealt with the bureaucracy as what he termed an ‘ideal type.’ This methodological concept does not represent an average of the attributes of all existing bureaucracies or other social structures, but a pure type, derived by abstracting the most characteristic bureaucratic aspects of all known organizations” (Blau, 1956, 34).
  • Example: “Operations are governed ‘by a consistent system of abstract rules … [and] consist of the application of these rules to particular cases.’ This system of standards is designed to assure uniformity in the performance of every task, regardless of the number of persons engaged in it, and coordination of different tasks” (Blau, 1956, 29; Weber, 1947/1964, 331/330). [The original text contains a numbered endnote after the closed quote. Style guidance is not clear about what to do with this endnote; all solutions are awkward. Here, after confirming the quote (in a later edition of the source book) it is added to the citation (with the updated date and page).]

IX.  Periods, commas, brackets, parenthesis and ellipsis fall within quotes. All other grammatical marks, such as the question mark, semi‐colon or colon, fall outside the quote, unless they appear in the original.

  • Example: Blau (1956, 56) said, “Bureaucracies are not such rigid structures as is popularly assumed.”
  • Example: Blau (1956, 56) said, “Bureaucracies are not such rigid structures as is popularly assumed”; others have not agreed.

  X. The parenthesis containing the citation appears before the period (or other termination) at the end of the quotation but outside the quotation mark.
  • Example: “Bureaucracies are not such rigid structures as is popularly assumed” (Blau, 1956, 56).

XI. Footnote or end note numbers or marks are placed outside the quotation and outside grammatical marks such as periods, commas, question marks, and so forth.

XII. “Ibid,” “Op. Cit.,” and so forth, are prohibited by APA style. They are used by full bibliographical footnote styles to avoid repeating the full bibliographical footnote numerous times in a paper. For APA, always use standard in line citation.

XIII. Avoid all verbose forms of citation. Bibliography information belongs in the bibliography. Sometimes the sentence structure works best using the name of the author, in which case the rest of the citation belongs there, not distributed over other parts of the sentence. If I use the phrase "Don't mention, cite," the reason is that you have not followed this guidance. Verbose citation includes providing source titles within the text, discussing the author beyond the name (which probably should be just the last name), mentioning journals, publishers, places where authors are employed, other research institutions, or otherwise providing or discussing material that belongs in the bibliography or does not belong in the paper at all.

XIV. It is never correct to provide a vague alternative to a correct citation. Typically a vague alternative involves a phrase such as: "Studies have shown...." Always provide actual citations rather than this sort of vague reference. If you plan to cite the study or studies, cite them and omit this phrase altogether.


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[3]Some style manuals bracket only the changed part, which looks odd to the reader and will result in complaints from your spell check software, but is not wrong. Whichever you do, be consistent. Do not fail to bracket the changed part at minimum.
Continue to: Memos and Other Non-Citation Formats