Dan Williams

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    • Citation Guide >
      • Using Someone Else's Words
      • Marking Quotes: The link between quoting and citation
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      • Quotation/Citation Style
      • Memos and Other Non‐Citation Formats
      • Practices Good and Bad
      • Templates and Boilerplate Language
      • What not to put in the bibliography
      • Bibliography for Examples and Items Mentioned in this Guide
  • About
  • Government Blog
  • Home
  • Contents of this site
    • Academic Profile >
      • CV
      • Links to Academic Profile on the Web
      • Open Source
      • External Blogs
    • Public Sector Data
    • For Teaching >
      • NYBMR-IPA >
        • Budget Exhbit DOR&IS
        • Budget Exhibit NYPL
        • Budget Exhibit Additional
      • Culture & PA
      • Budgeting and Financial Analysis
      • Style Guide >
        • Paper Rubric Elements
        • Picky objections that you should know
        • How to review a source
        • Structured Bibliography
        • Seminar Paper
        • Spreadsheets
      • Substantial Papers Defined by Biliography >
        • Sources
      • Evidence
  • Citation and Quotation
    • Citation Guide >
      • Using Someone Else's Words
      • Marking Quotes: The link between quoting and citation
      • Use of Graphics First Appearing Elsewhere
      • Using Someone Else's Ideas
      • Citation as Support for What You Say
      • Revealing the Source of Your Information Including Your Own Prior Work
      • Revealing Other Sources
      • Bibliography and Citing Correctly
      • Quotation/Citation Style
      • Memos and Other Non‐Citation Formats
      • Practices Good and Bad
      • Templates and Boilerplate Language
      • What not to put in the bibliography
      • Bibliography for Examples and Items Mentioned in this Guide
  • About
  • Government Blog

Memos and Other Non‐Citation Formats

It can be confusing for students when a professor ask for memos or provide for fixed formats that do not call for citations. Perhaps the professor specifically excludes citations. Here are some simple guides:
  1. If the instructor does not say, assume citations are required.
  2. If citations are excluded, ask whether a bibliography is expected.
  3. If a bibliography is excluded, ask whether there is to be any documentation at all as to the source of material.
  4. Write down the guidance and follow it to the letter.
  5. Avoid direct quotations where there is no citation and especially where there is no documentation of source material. If using direct quotation in this context, provide attribution in the text.
Continue to: Practices Good and Bad
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