Bibliography and Citing Correctly
XIV. Full entries are required in the bibliography for all in line - (Author, date) or (Author, date, page) - citations and sources cited for graphics. See APA for full bibliographical entries. Only one entry is required for each book, article, or other source document cited. The bibliography is at the end of the paper. There is a complete bibliography for the example citations and other mentioned items used in these guides here. Material you have read but not cited is not included in the bibliography.
XV. When citing a chapter within an edited book, cite the author of the chapter, not the editor of the book. The full form of the bibliographical entry is: Author. (Date). Chapter. In Book Title Edited by Editor. City: Publisher. Pages.
XVI. Do not innovate in the label, format, or punctuation of your bibliography. These features signal to the professor and, in some uses, citation checking software, that this is a bibliography. The preferred title of a bibliography is the word, Bibliography, centered or left justified and otherwise unpunctuated. APA does not use numbered bibliography entries.
XVII. The purpose of a bibliography is to show the sources of your citations. For most writing, all cited items should appear and the bibliography and all items appearing in the bibliography should have a matching citation in the text.
XVIII. Instructors (and possibly others) have numerous software options for checking your citation. The may use Turnitin.com, SafeAssign, Plagiarism Checker, or any of the other services listed here. Some of these services can filter out permissible material (such as the words in your bibliography, which likely look exactly like the words in other bibliographies); when you properly format your citations and bibliography. If you do not properly format these things., they will be treated as "matched" (possibly plagiarized) material.For this reason, use the label “Bibliography” without any punctuation as the header for this part of your paper.
XIX. Citation is relatively straight forward for single author books and single author journal articles. For all other items, you should look at APA citation guides to find out exactly what to put where.
XX. Your instructor may have special instructions for matters such as how to treat missing information or whether to post a retrieval date for websites in your bibliography. For example, some may recommend omitting missing such as a missing author or date; others may want you to assert the information is missing ("Anonymous", "n.d."). Typically APA omits such information, but your instructor may prefer otherwise. APA omits retrieval dates for websites (but wants publication dates, which are often hard to find); your instructor may want the retrieval date.
- Example: Blau, P. M. (1956). Bureaucracy and modern society. New York: Random House.
XV. When citing a chapter within an edited book, cite the author of the chapter, not the editor of the book. The full form of the bibliographical entry is: Author. (Date). Chapter. In Book Title Edited by Editor. City: Publisher. Pages.
- Example (citation): “The second major element of program budgeting is its analytical process” (Steiner, 1969, 310). [See the next example for the source of this quote. It is incorrect to cite Novick.]
- Example (bibliography): Steiner, G. A. (1969). Problems in implementing program budgeting. In Program budgeting (2nd Ed). Edited by David Novick. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. , 310.
XVI. Do not innovate in the label, format, or punctuation of your bibliography. These features signal to the professor and, in some uses, citation checking software, that this is a bibliography. The preferred title of a bibliography is the word, Bibliography, centered or left justified and otherwise unpunctuated. APA does not use numbered bibliography entries.
XVII. The purpose of a bibliography is to show the sources of your citations. For most writing, all cited items should appear and the bibliography and all items appearing in the bibliography should have a matching citation in the text.
XVIII. Instructors (and possibly others) have numerous software options for checking your citation. The may use Turnitin.com, SafeAssign, Plagiarism Checker, or any of the other services listed here. Some of these services can filter out permissible material (such as the words in your bibliography, which likely look exactly like the words in other bibliographies); when you properly format your citations and bibliography. If you do not properly format these things., they will be treated as "matched" (possibly plagiarized) material.For this reason, use the label “Bibliography” without any punctuation as the header for this part of your paper.
XIX. Citation is relatively straight forward for single author books and single author journal articles. For all other items, you should look at APA citation guides to find out exactly what to put where.
XX. Your instructor may have special instructions for matters such as how to treat missing information or whether to post a retrieval date for websites in your bibliography. For example, some may recommend omitting missing such as a missing author or date; others may want you to assert the information is missing ("Anonymous", "n.d."). Typically APA omits such information, but your instructor may prefer otherwise. APA omits retrieval dates for websites (but wants publication dates, which are often hard to find); your instructor may want the retrieval date.